Celebrations kick off across the U.S. for Hispanic Heritage Month

Celebrations across the U.S. are expected to begin in observance of National Hispanic Heritage Month, showcasing the diversity and culture of Latinos. The month is marked each year from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15.

Over 70 million ethnically Hispanic residents make up one-fifth of the total U.S. population, according to the census. The group includes people whose ancestors come from Spain, Mexico, the Caribbean and Central and South America.

National Hispanic Heritage Month started as Hispanic Heritage Week. Mexican American U.S. Rep. Edward R. Roybal of Los Angeles created legislation for it, and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed it into law in 1968. It was not until two decades later that it expanded into a month under President Ronald Reagan.

“It was clustered around big celebrations for the community,” said Alberto Lammers, director of communications at the UCLA Latino Policy and Politics Institute. “It became a chance for people to know Hispanic cultures, for Latinos to get to know a community better.”

Sept. 15 was chosen as a tribute to the anniversary of “El Grito de Dolores,” or the “Cry of Dolores,” a call to battle issued in 1810 in Mexico’s war for independence from Spain. Several Central American nations, including El Salvador and Guatemala, also celebrate their independence in September.

The festivities spotlight the interconnected struggles of Latin and Caribbean nations, including Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, and a history of fighting for the rights of Indigenous people, said Paul Ortiz, a professor of Latina/o labor history at Cornell University.

“The centrality of family, mutual aid, and community is very important to us because our parents, our grandparents, we’ve had to struggle to really make it in this country,” said Ortiz, a former president of the United Faculty of Florida AFL-CIO union.

Coming from collectivist cultures is partly why Latinos join labor unions at a higher rate, Ortiz said.

“We understand the importance of collaboration, collective struggle in terms of improving wages and working conditions,” Ortiz said.

Diego Javier Luis, a historian and assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University, said the month can be a time to reflect on long histories and ongoing contributions.

“There are long trajectories of the racialization of people from Latin America in the U.S., but it’s also the same contributions of these people who made the U.S. what it is,” Luis said.

The Hispanic label was created by the federal government for people from Spanish-speaking cultures. Some see the identifier as carrying political conservatism and emphasizing a connection to Spain. It sometimes gets mistakenly swapped with “Latino” or “Latinx.”

Latino reflects ties to Latin America. Some will celebrate the month as Latinx or Latin Heritage Month.

Latin Americans are not a monolith. From Mexican American to Colombian American to Salvadoran American, each culture in the diaspora has unique differences when it comes to food, art and music.

“The history of Latinos is U.S. history, Latino cultures are U.S. culture, Latino foods are U.S. foods, and our music is U.S. music,” Luis said. “It’s also about the people holding these communities together , the mothers, midwives, barbers, bodega owners, artists, poets.”